The invention of the microscope was a great help to science to reach a new extension, especially biology. By employing microscopes, the researchers were able to prove new dimensions of living such as a microorganism, work, and cell study, and go in-depth of the minute part of fungi, plants or even the animals. In the mid-20th century, the electron was a great help and opened a new horizon. The scanning microscopes are even more delicate and sophisticated and also have higher magnification power compared to light microscopes. Basically, microscopes utilize the simply visible rays which refract the lenses, X-rays, electron, and infrared rays. In addition, they are designed to detect smaller and smaller particles and structures. Further, scanning electron microscopes are capable of resolving viruses which are extremely smaller than any microorganism and cell, they can enlarge the view of small viruses, which allows the researcher and scientists to develop the cure or a new vaccine for related diseases in animals or even humans. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopes have the power of magnification even till million times, almost molecule size, viruses and also nanoparticles. Moreover, they use software for correcting and enhancing the magnification and resolution of the image. The software helps to view the desired objects even if they are a few molecules thick. This mini-review extensively discusses each type and their different available classifications.

Raman spectroscopy as a partner to infrared spectroscopy is now a well developed technique for structural and analytical investigations. This article is concerned with recent developments in the technique of Raman spectroscopy, i.e., the Raman microprobe or Raman microscope. This technique makes possible meaningful studies of small microscopic particles (about 1- mu m in diameter) and only a nano-liter of a liquid or even a picogram of a solid sample. Examples of Raman spectra of very small size samples of a wide range of materials such as biological systems, polymers, fibers, etc., are given and the results are interpreted on the basis of vibrational Raman spectroscopy. It is concluded that the Raman microscope is a unique non-destructive method of microchemical analysis.

Background and Objectives: Many advantages have been discussed for transnasal DCR ,the most important of them are lack of skin incision and scar, outpatient basis, decreased overall health care expense, quicker patient rehabilitation and patients' preference; In the procedures that making use of laser, bleeding is less. The aim of present study was to evaluate transnasal DCR with laser and microscope. Materials and Methods: Formerly endoscope has been used for this procedure, but in our study 68 patients underwent 75 operations transnasally, by microscopic magnification. The site of lacrimal sac at lateral wall of nose was localized by the mean of transillumination through 22 gauge light probe. Nd:YAG and KTP 532 lasers were used for ablating the soft tissue and bone. After making fistula between lacrimal sac and nasal mucosa, silicone tubes were inserted in all patients. Results: In our experience, early removal of silicone tubes was associated with lower success rate. The success rate at 6 months postoperation was 89.3% and after 12months 74.6%. No significant intra and postoperative major complications, associated with this technique were recorded.Conclusions: An aesthetically reasonable result is achieved essentially in "UV sensitive" areas, thus appearing to be the appropriate places of choice for this treatment.

Background: Due to repeated cholera outbreaks in Iran and neighboring countries, the present study was performed to determine the prevalence of phenotypes of Ogawa and Inaba serotypes of Vibrio cholera 01 and classic Vibrio cholera 01 biotypes.Materials and methods: Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) were applied on 4 species, of Ogawa and Inaba serotypes and two classic serotypes of Vibrio cholera 01. Results: Membrane diameter of Eltor was wider as compared to classic biotype. Number of ribosomes, protein synthesis, length and number of flagella were quite more in comparison with classic biotype. Conclusion: According to our findings, genome of classic biotype is more compact.

The Compound verb is a very controversial issue in Persian grammar. Grammarians have extensively discussed this topic and have presented different, and sometimes contradictory, opinions. Most of them have been confused in recognizing a Compound verb. Many examples considered to be Compound verbs are not in fact Compound verbs. For example, سوگند (oath) in سوگند خوردن (to take an oath) is an object, as in باز هم همان سوگند را خورد. ترش (sour) in ترش شدن (to become sour) is a subjective complement.